INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
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METHANOLIC EXTRACTION OF WHOLE DRIED FRUIT OF PUNICA GRANATUM AND EVALUATION FOR ITS ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Plants have associate degree nearly limitless ability to synthesize aromatic substances, most of that area unit phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives. Most area unit secondary metabolites, of that a minimum of twelve, 000 are isolated, variety calculable to be but 100 percent of the overall. In several cases, these substances’ function plant defense mechanisms against predation by microorganisms, insects, and herbivores. Some, like terpenoids, provide plants their odors; others (quinones and tannins) area unit liable for plant pigment. several compounds area unit liable for plant flavor (e.g., the terpenoid chemical irritant from chili peppers), and a few of an equivalent herbs and spices utilized by humans to season food yield helpful medicative compounds. In the present work an attempt was made to evaluate the anti-microbial activity of the Punica granatum, similar works have been performed by various scientists around the world but not used fruit as a whole extract in this work methanolic extracts of whole dried fruits are used and the results are found to be better than that of the extracts prepared from only seeds, peels, rind. The extracts from whole fruit showed better results but didn’t cross the standard drugs results but by a minor margin.
Extracts, Punica granatum, methanolic, etc.
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A NOVEL SYNTHETIC APPROACH FOR OXAZOLINE AS A CRUCIAL PRECURSOR IN CARVEDILOL DEVELOPMENT
The synthesis of heterocyclic intermediates plays a vital role in the development of pharmacologically active compounds. Oxazolines, five-membered heterocycles containing both nitrogen and oxygen atoms, are of significant interest due to their synthetic versatility, stability, and utility in constructing complex molecular frameworks. The present study focuses on the synthesis of oxazoline derivatives as essential intermediates in the production of anisole-based carvedilol, a widely used non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking properties. Oxazolines, known for their versatile reactivity and stability, serve as effective building blocks in pharmaceutical synthesis. In this project, oxazoline compounds were synthesized via cyclization of appropriately substituted amino alcohols with anisole-derived carboxylic acid derivatives under dehydrating conditions. The reaction was optimized for yield, purity, and efficiency, employing green chemistry principles wherever possible. The synthesized oxazoline intermediates were characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. These intermediates were further used in the stepwise synthesis of carvedilol analogues, highlighting their role in constructing the core structure through regioselective and stereoselective transformations. The study demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency of using oxazoline scaffolds in anisole-based carvedilol synthesis, offering a potential route for improved drug development processes.
Cyclodehydration, Acetonitrile, 2-Amino ethanol, Zinc acetate, Calcium carbonate
K.N. Venkateswara Rao, Sripada Sridevi, Bushra Fasihuddin, Gangadhara Siri, Shaik Shareef, Pasunuri Nithin
Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC-UV METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF IVABRADINE AND METOPROLOL SUCCINATE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM
A simple, accurate, precise, and stability-indicating RP-HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Ivabradine and Metoprolol Succinate in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with a mobile phase consisting of Methanol:0.1% OPA (50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C with UV detection at 260.0 nm. The retention times for Ivabradine and Metoprolol were 2.210 min and 2.650 min, respectively. The method exhibited excellent precision with %RSD values of 0.4% and 0.6% for Ivabradine and Metoprolol, respectively. Recovery studies yielded 99.89% and 100.09% for Ivabradine and Metoprolol, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.02 and 0.06 µg/mL for Ivabradine, and 0.24 and 0.74 µg/mL for Metoprolol, respectively. Linear regression equations were y = 33598x + 1032 for Ivabradine and y = 43436x + 2678 for Metoprolol with excellent correlation coefficients of 0.999. The developed method was validated according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines and demonstrated to be simple, economical, stability-indicating, and suitable for routine quality control testing in pharmaceutical industries.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NEW ANALYTICAL UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ALECTINIB IN API FORM AND MARKETED PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Objective: The aim of this study is to develop three simple, specific and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of Alectinib in bulk and marketed pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: In this method, the absorption spectrum of Alectinib is getting by 10μg/ml. In the developed method, the UV spectra were measured at 290 nm. Results: The proposed method was accurate, precise and selective for the determination of Alectinib in in pure form and in marketed pharmaceutical dosage form. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 10–60μg/ml in this method. Conclusion: The developed method was used to determine the studied drug in bulk powder, laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form with good accuracy and precision. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and the results obtained were statistically compared to those obtained from a reported method and were found to be in good agreement.
FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF PRAMIPEXOLE TABLETS FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
The objective of the present study was to design and evaluate sustained release matrix tablets of Pramipexole dihydrochloride, a non-ergoline dopamine agonist used in the management of Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome. Sustained drug delivery is crucial in chronic neurological disorders to ensure consistent therapeutic levels, minimize side effects, and improve patient adherence. Conventional dosage forms of Pramipexole necessitate frequent dosing due to its relatively short half-life (~8 hours), which can lead to fluctuations in plasma concentration and increased risk of adverse effects. To address these limitations, matrix tablets were formulated using various grades of hydrophilic polymer Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC K4M, K15M, and K100M) and Eudragit polymers (L-100 and S-100) in different ratios, combined with excipients like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), PVP K30, talc, and magnesium stearate. The direct compression method was employed for tablet preparation. Pre-compression blends were evaluated for micromeritic properties, and the compressed tablets underwent standard post-compression tests including hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, and thickness. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids using USP Type II dissolution apparatus. Drug release data were analysed using various kinetic models (zero- order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas) to understand the mechanism of release. The results demonstrated that formulations containing higher viscosity grades of HPMC (particularly K100M) and combinations with Eudragit showed a more controlled and prolonged drug release up to 12 hours. FTIR studies confirmed the absence of drug-excipient interactions, and short-term stability studies indicated the physical and chemical stability of the optimized formulation under accelerated conditions. This study successfully establishes a promising sustained release oral formulation of Pramipexole that can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce dosing frequency, and improve the quality of life in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF DOCETAXEL SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY TO BRAIN
Docetaxel has low solubility and permeability, which result in limited and variable bioavailability; its low stability makes it difficult to develop stable aqueous liquid formulations. The Docetaxel solid lipid nanoparticles were created using the Sonicator to apply ultrasonic energy during the emulsification solvent evaporation process. The numerous formulations with varied drug-lipid and surfactant ratios were analyzed and improved. Docetaxel solid lipid nanoparticles containing soy lecithin were created using the solvent evaporation method, then the particle size was decreased by sonication. Particle size, surface morphology by SEM, drug excipient compatibility by FTIR, and in-vitro drug release experiments were used to characterize the produced nanosuspensions. The formulation with the best encapsulation efficiency was (F-4) A drug encapsulation effectiveness of up to 97.85% has been attained in this study. It was discovered that the efficiency of encapsulation improved along with the soy lecithin content.
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES OF DASATINIB USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS: IN VITRO DRUGRELEASE AND IN-VIVO PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES
Dasatinib, a potent BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and pHdependent absorption, leading to variable bioavailability and frequent dosing in leukemia therapy. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) offer a promising strategy to enhance solubility, prolong release, and improve systemic exposure. This study developed and optimized Dasatinib-loaded SLNs using a Box-Behnken design to systematically evaluate the effects of lipid weight (500–1000 mg), surfactant concentration (0.5–2% w/v), and homogenization time (4–10 min) on critical quality attributes. The optimized SLNs (900 mg lipid, 1.75% surfactant, 8.5 min homogenization) exhibited a particle size of 204 nm, zeta potential of -27.3 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 85.8%, closely matching predicted values (R² > 0.94). FTIR and DSC confirmed successful drug encapsulation within the lipid matrix, while SEM revealed spherical, monodisperse nanoparticles. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release (95% at 24 h) following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R² = 0.995, n = 0.56), indicating combined diffusion-erosion mechanisms. In vivo pharmacokinetics in rats showed a 1.6-fold increase in AUC and prolonged Tmax (8 h vs. 2 h for pure drug), confirming enhanced bioavailability. These results highlight the potential of SLNs to overcome Dasatinib’s delivery challenges, offering a scalable nanocarrier system for improved leukemia treatment.
ISOLATION, STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION, AND ANTICANCER EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CEIBA SPECIOSA USING CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
This study will isolate and structurally characterize bioactive compounds in Ceiba speciosa and determine the anticancer activity of those substances; the problem to be solved is the identification and characterization of potentially effective anticancer agents of this plant, which will require the generation of information on chemical composition via chromatographic techniques and the evaluation of biological activity in terms of in vitro anticancer assays. The present work will isolate and structurally characterize as well as determine the possible anticancer activity of bioactive compounds in Ceiba speciosa, a rather necessary phenomenon because the question concerning the development of effective drugs of natural anticancer activity is urgent. Diverse chromatographic methods allowed extracting and identifying a number of compounds, including some that had not been previously described as being bioactive. The study, which was of interest, found certain compounds that demonstrated great levels of cytotoxic activity in vitro associated with different types of cancer cell lines, and the results were quite promising in terms of therapy. These results support the idea of the great role that natural products including products of Ceiba speciosa may have in obtaining new anticancer drugs. The findings are of key importance to the structural diversity and biological activity of plant-derived agents, indicating that additional research on these agents may bring new solutions in the treatment of oncology. The study not only expands the picture of the pharmacological potential of Ceiba speciosa, but it also underlines the role of the natural products in the health-care sector, which has become necessary because of increased drug resistance and secondary effects related to standard therapies. The long-term impact of this research is that plant-based sources should be exhausted more in the search of new agents to treat cancers which might be effective yet less toxic.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI
Introduction: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Compounds that reduce inflammation are called anti-inflammatory agents. Materials and Methods: Materials: Plant: Trachyspermum ammi was collected from wild and aunthentificated by botanist, dried in shade, size is reduced by mechanical grinder, powdered material was subject to soxlet extraction with ethanol and the final extract obtained was dried and used for preclinical studies. Chemicals: Ethanol, water for injection, Carrageenan, Fehling’s A, Fehling’s B Solution, benedicts reagent, Barfoeds reagent, bials reagent, aniline acetate, HCL, schwinoff’s reagent, tannic acid and drugs (Paracetamol) used for the study were of analytical grade. Animals: After the IAEC approval twenty-four (24) albino male Sprague dawley rats weighing between 120-150 grams were used for the study. They were kept in polypropylene cages and allowed to acclimatize to the environment for two weeks before the commencement of the experiment. The animals were fed with standard animal pellet grower mash and allowed access to water ad libitum. Experimental Induction of Paw edema in rats Male or female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight between 100 and 150 g are used. Methodology: The animals are starved overnight. To ensure uniform hydration, the rats receive 5ml of water by stomach tube (controls) or the test drug dissolved or suspended in the same volume. Thirty minutes later, the rats are challenged by a subcutaneous injection of 0.05ml of 1% solution of carrageenan into the plantar side of the left hind paw. The paw is marked with ink at the level of the lateral malleolus and immersed in mercury up to this mark. The paw volume is measured by plethysmograph immediately after injection, again 3hrs,3.5hrs,4hrs. Determination of Paw edema: The increase of paw volume after 3hr,3.5hr,4hr is calculated as percentage compared with the volume measured immediately after injection of the irritant for each animal. Effectively treated animals show much less edema. Result: The difference of average values between treated animals and control groups is calculated for each time interval and statistically evaluated. The difference at the various time intervals gives some hints for the duration of the anti-inflammatory effect. In Statistical analysis all the data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical comparisons were performed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range tests. The results were considered statistically significant if the P value ≤ 0.05.
PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF Mentha Piperita (PEPPERMINT)
Mint is a very popular household plant in Indian communities and is used daily as a condiment in every house. Mint has much more than just a condiment and holds medicinal value due to its volatile oil content. The present article is a review of the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Mint.
THE PHARMACOGNOSTIC, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF Moringa Oleiferaleaves
Moringa oleifera is popularly known as drum sticks. It is a household plant in India. Though it is a common plant consumed by a wide range of the population its other properties are not well understood until recently. Today moringa is considered a superfood worldwide owing to its health benefits and properties. The present article is a comprehensive review of the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities of moringa.
REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL PLANT: Trachyspermum Ammi
Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ‘Ajwain’ is distributed throughout India and is mostly cultivated in Gujarat and Rajasthan. The fruit possesses stimulant, antispasmodic and carminative properties and is used traditionally as an important remedial agent for flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal tumors, abdominal pains, piles, and bronchial problems, lack of appetite, galactogogue, asthma and amenorrhoea. Medicinally, it has been proven to possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating actions, antilithiasis, diuretic, abortifacient, antitussive, nematicidal, anthelmintic and antifilarial. Further, studies reveal the presence of various phytochemical constituents mainly carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, volatile oil (thymol, γ-terpinene, para-cymene, and α- and β-pinene), protein, fat, fiber and mineral matter containing calcium, phosphorous, iron and nicotinic acid. These studies reveal that T. ammi is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various pharmacological effects; hence, it is encouraging to find its new therapeutic uses.
PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF Cissus quadrangularis
Cissus quadrangularis, commonly known as Hadjod, is a popular folklore medicine used throughout India by bone setters. It is highly studied for its bone healing potential. Its remarkable properties are mentioned in Ayurveda and Unani medicine. Apart from the popular medicinal uses, many other aspects of this wonder plant are less popular. The present article provides the complete pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological profiles of the Cissus quadrangularis.
TAMARINDUS INDICA: A POTENT MEDICINAL HERB.
Tamarindus indica is used as traditional medicine in India, Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and most of the tropical countries. It is used traditionally in abdominal pain, diarrhea and dysentery, helminthes infections, wound healing, malaria and fever, constipation, inflammation, cell cytotoxicity, gonorrhea, and eye diseases. It has numerous chemical values and is rich in phytochemicals, and hence the plant is reported to possess antidiabetic activity, antimicrobial activity, antivenomic activity, antioxidant activity, antimalarial activity, hepatoprotective activity, antiasthmatic activity, laxative activity, and anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Every part of the plant from root to leaf tips is useful for human needs. Thus, the aim of the present review is to describe its morphology, and explore the phytochemical constituents, commercial utilization of the parts of the plant, and medicinal and pharmacologic activities so that T. indica's potential as multipurpose. [1,2]
All living organisms utilize oxygen to metabolize and use the dietary nutrients in order to produce energy for survival. Oxygen thus is a vital component for living. Oxygen meditates chemical reactions that metabolize fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to produce energy. While oxygen is one of the most essential components for living, it is also a double-edged sword. Oxygen is a highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part of potentially damaging molecules commonly called “Free Radicals.” Antioxidant Activity applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage. Inhibition of the reactions brought about by oxygen or peroxides. Usually, the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected.
ENUMERATION OF BACTERIA PRODUCING THERMOTOLARANT PROTEASES FROM COMMERCIAL MILK SAMPLES OF WARANGAL (AP)
Proteases are the proteolytic enzymes present in all forms of life. Several microbial strains including fungi and bacteria have reported to produce proteases. Among proteases microbial proteases secure most important place due to their enormous industrial applications. The present investigations are amide to enumerate the bacteria isolated from milk samples of commercial brands available in Warangal urban market to produce thermotalerant proteases. The incidence of proteolytic bacteria is common in all brands of milk samples. The thermotolarant proteolytic activity varied among the isolates studied. Casein was found to be good substrate than gelatin for the production of proteases. The present studies showed that maximum activity of thermotolerant proteases was expressed at 50oC temperature.
A. Rajender Reddy V. Krishna Reddy and S. Ram Reddy
Copyright (c) 2013 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SALBUTAMOL, AMBROXOL AND GUAIFENESIN IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS BY USING RP-HPLC
A simple and reproducible method for simultaneous estimation of salbutamol (SAL), guaifenisin (GUA) and ambroxol (AMB) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in formulation was developed. The analysis was performed with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile (ACN) and potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (PDHP) adjusted to a pH- 4 in the ratio of 70 : 30 (% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. A SHISEIDO C18 column (250 x 4.6mm i.d; 5μm) was used. A UV spectrum of salbutamol, guaifenisin and ambroxol was recorded by scanning between 200-400 nm, from the overlapping spectra a wavelength of 215 nm is selected and simultaneous estimation is carried out. The analysis was performed in the linearity range of 2-16 μg/ml for Salbutamol, 0.5-4 μg/ml for Ambroxol and 5-40 μg/ml for Guaifenisin respectively. The correlation coefficient was 0.996 (SAL), 0.994 (AMB), 0.998 (GUA). Thus the developed and validated chromatographic method for Salbutamol, Ambroxol and Guaifenisin is said to be rapid, precise (RSD<=2%), simple, accurate (% recovery=90-101%).
potassium di-hydrogen phosphate buffer(pH-4)
Srinivas Kolli, Devi Deepika Joga, Kumari Ramya Vasa, Bharathi Devi Yanamadala
IMPROVEMENT OF SIMVASTATIN SOLUBILITY USING NATURAL POLYMERS BY SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE
The solubility of the poorly soluble drugs can be improved by various techniques such as micronization[1], solubilization[2], salt formation[1], complexation[1] with polymers, change in physical form, use of prodrugs[1] and drug derivatization[1], pH alteration, addition of surfactants[3,4] , and others. Serajuadin [5] used the solid-dispersion technique for dissolution enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. A solid dispersion can be defined as “the dispersion of one or more active ingredients in an inert carrier matrix in solid-state prepared by a physical mixture, melting (fusion), solvent, or melting–solvent method,” while Corrigan[6] suggested it is “a product formed by converting a fluid drug–carrier combination to the solid state.” Among the various approaches, the solid-dispersion technique has often proved to be the most successful in improving the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble, active pharmaceutical ingredients because it is simple, economical, and advantageous. Simvastatin (SIM), a crystalline compound, is practically insoluble in water and hence poorly absorbed from the GI tract [7,8] . It is a potent and specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase [9, 10], which catalyzes the reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate. Thus, simvastatin arrests a key step for cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver and is widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia as an adjunct to diet. After oral administration, Simvastatin is metabolized to its β-dihydroxy acid form (simvastatin acid) by the cytochrome-3A system in the liver, where it inhibits the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. This leads to up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and an increase in catabolism of LDL cholesterol. Being a BCS Class II drug, it often shows dissolution rate-limited oral absorption and high variability in pharmacological effects. Therefore, improvement in its solubility and dissolution rate may lead to enhancement in bioavailability [11]. In the present study, of solid dispersion physical mixture technique was used and solubility of drug was improved by using some natural polymers like Xanthum gum, Guar gum, Karaya gum, Chitosan and Oats powder.
Sarat Chandra, RajanRaju.CH, GSN Koteswara Rao, Uma Devi.P
STUDIES ON IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF SPHAERANTHUS INDICUS (LINN)
The present investigation was carried out for the evaluation of antioxidant and anti bacterial activities of leaf, flower, stem, root methnolic extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus. Antioxidant activity was conducted using various methods viz., DPPH, Hydroxyl radical, Nitric oxide, Superoxide anion and Hydrogen peroxide. Among the extracts tested flower and leaf extracts were exhibited highest scavenging activity at 150 μg/ml concentrations. Whereas, antibacterial activity was tested with human pathogenic species viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi. All the extracts tested produced minimum zones of inhibitions against all the species tested. The highest zone was exhibited by the flower extract of 8 against Staphylococcus aureus. The total phenolic content and flavanoid assay was carried to understand better relation with antioxidant activities of plant extracts.
Shiva Prasad Thota, Mahendra Jadhav, Kamal Kumar M,Animith Venuganti, Mrunalini devi, Sravya Vadiari, Geethanjali Mittapelli
SYNTHESIS AND SCREENING OF ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES
In the present work, some new 5-[2(3)-dialkylamino alkoxy] Indole 2, 3-diones and 5-Hydroxyindole 3-semicarbazone 2-ones were prepared from 5-hydroxy isatin. The structures of the products were characterized by IR, NMR, MASS Spectral studies Thus synthesized and characterized targetted compounds were further screened for their anti-inflammatory activity by using Carrageenan - induced paw edema rat model. Among all the newly synthesized derivatives, Compounds IIIa-b and Compounds IVa-b were reduced the inflammation very significantly , thus these compounds showed promising anti-inflammatory activity and compounds IIIc-e & IVc-e showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity.
5-[2(3)-dialkyl amino alkoxy] Indole 2, 3-diones
Copyright (c) 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
INTENSITY OF FORAGING ACTIVITY IN SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES AT MULAKALAPALLY FOREST REGION, KHAMMAM DISTRICT, ANDHRAPRADESH INDIA
Seasonal foraging activity of subterranean termites on forest plants were observed Mulakalapally forest region, Khammam (A.P). Two distinct foraging patterns were identified in the species of termites. Microtermes Sp and Coptotermes Sp have strong forging activity high peak in wet season. Whereas Odontotermes Sp and Macrotermes Sp have strong foraging activity peak in the dry season. The foraging activity depends upon Environmental factors. The foraging activity was observed in the galleries at the temperature to 17°-25°C.
ANTI STRESS ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOENIGII; IN RAT MODEL OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRESS
Stress basically is a reaction of mind and body against change in the homeostasis. During stressful conditions, the energy requirements of the organism are increased, resulting in enhanced generation of free radicals. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential usefulness of leaf extract of Murraya koenigii (MK) for its antistress and adaptogenic activity against oxidative stress induced changes in rats. Withania sominifera (WS), an adaptogen was used as reference standard. Wistar Albino rats (180-200 g) were used in the study. Animals were divided into 6 groups of six each and treated with vehicle or MK extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o), or WS extract (200 mg/kg, p.o). Except vehicle control group, all groups were subjected to Ischemic/reperfusion induced myocardial injury (IRMI)/ Chronic cold restraint stress (CRS)/ Iron overload induced hepatotoxicity (IO). At the end of the experimental period all rats were sacrificed and heart, liver tissues were collected for biochemical estimations. In IRMI, there was significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and increase in lipid peroxidation LPO activity indicating the production of oxidative stress. In CRS model, stimulation of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) alters plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and corticosterone levels. In IO the hepatic LPO activity was significantly increased. Pretreatment with leaf extract of MK reverted above stress induced enzyme levels. The results indicating that leaf extract of MK has antistress and adaptogenic activity against a variety of biochemical and physiological perturbations in different stress models.
A. Kanakalatha, Ch.N. Kavitha, S. Manohar Babu
IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT OROXYLUM INDICUM-1
A simple and reliable protocol was developed through zygotic embryo culture and cotylidanary node explants of Oroxylum indicum -1 for multiple shoot regeneration. Effect of 3 cytokinins; BAP, KN and TDZ, was studied. BAP at 5mg/L proved better than KN & TDZ with highest frequency of shoot initiation and maximum number of shoots initiated.For zygotic embryo culture seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2, washed three times with sterile distilled water and were soaked for 24hrs. Seed coat was removed gently and isolated zygotic embryo (with cotyledons) and inoculated on ½ strength MS and MS basal medium with different levels of sucrose. Zygotic embryos were germinated within 7-8 days, cotylidanary nodes were germinated within 12 days of incubation.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF ISRADIPINE BY USING DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES
Fast dissolving drug delivery is rapidly gaining acceptance as an important new drug delivery technology. The aim the study was to prepare and characterize fast dissolving tablets(FDT) of Isradipine (a water insoluble drug and belongs to BCS class-II) by employing different technologies like liquidsolid by improving wetting, sublimation by creating porous environment, effervescent and super disintegrant by breaking the tablet fast. The FDT of isradipine were also prepared by adopting direct compression method. Physicochemical properties and in vitro release studies were evaluated. The isradipine FDTs of effervescent technology was showing immediate release with T90 % within 4 min and hence the effervescent technology was proved to be the promising in comparison with other technology types.By using invitro drug release data, it was found that FDTs of isradipine are following First order kinetics.
B.Padmaja, G.Sravan Kumar, J.Hima Swetha, P.Sravanthi, D.Sravanthi
STABILITY INDICATING METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EZETIMIBE & SIMVASTATIN IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC
ABSTRACT A simple, sensitive, specific and economic chromatographic method was developed through a Sunfire C18 (250) column , Mobile phase used was Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer (60:40%), at the flow rate of 1.8ml/min, Ezetimibe & Simvastatin were eluted at acceptable retention times of 2.34 and 7.35 minutes respectively with good resolution by monitoring UVdetection at 225nm .Throughout the separation the drugs were stable, the studies were carried out by attempting deliberate degradation of the sample with exposure to stress conditions like acidic (1M HCl), alkaline (1M NaOH), 105OC Heat, Oxidizing agents (H2O2) and Water. This method was validated as per ICH-Q2 (R1) guidelines and met the regulatory requirements for specificity, selectivity, accuracy and stability. This method was fast, reliable and stable for the accurate determination of Ezetimibe & Simvastatin in formulation by RP-HPLC.
A 16-year-old boy died at E Amrah, Egypt, perhaps because he had a bladder stone, containing calcium phosphate and uric acid; what is remarkable is that this happened nearly 7000 years ago. Indeed, since trephining and circumcision had ritual a connotation, ‘cutting for the stone’ is probably the oldest purely surgical procedure. Even then, there was no lack of concepts concerning a etiology including overfeding, familial predisposition, and the composition of the blood. By 1663 Rofink had classified uroliths according to their size, shape, surface and colour and by the 18th century they were recognized to contain uric acid, oxalic acid, cystine and organic material. By the 19th century, phosphate stones were regarded as an affliction of poverty, urate stones as one of affluence. Even today 70% of humans with urolithiasis are obese, 90% of those with uric acid stones. Perhaps the strangest aspect of the history of urolithiasis is a relatively recent change in its epidemiology. Bladder stones were much more common than kidney stones until about 100 years ago, and especially common in children. This increase has been blamed on affluence and increased dietary protein but this seems hard to believe when poverty with high intake of vegetable protein was blamed for bladder stones and when an eightfold increase in calcium oxalate stones occurred between 1964 and 1971; during this period protein intake rose by less than 5%. Other factors such as low fibre and excess of refined carbohydrate associated with 'affluent' diets may predispose to urolithiasis. In particular, there may be peaks of increased urinary calcium following ingestion of sugary food or drinks.
THE EVALUATION OF ANTI DIABETIC MELLITUS ACTIVITY OF Ceiba pentandra ON ALLOXON INDUCED TYPE-II DIABETIES IN RATS
Medicinal plants played an important role in Indian culture since Rig Veda (5600 BC) where about 67 medicinal plants were recorded. [It is estimated that 80 % of about 4 billion population have to rely on traditional medicines due to high cost of modern medicines, lack of availability of required medicines and personal preferences. At least, 30 million people throughout the world suffer from diabetes mellitus. In Indian, the situation is expected to become much worse in the year to come because of food habit and sedentary life style. Life expectancy may be halved by this disease, especially in developing countries where its prevalence is increasing and adequate treatment is often unavailable. Diabetes not only kills, but it is a major cause of adult blindness, kidney failure, neuropathy, heart attack and strokes. Ceiba pentandra is one of the ancient plants used in the traditional system for diabetes, liver components, etc. The plant contains flavonoids, terpenes, phenol contents. The purpose of the present work was to investigate and validate the ethanobotanical uses of Ceiba pentandra Hypoglycemic and Hepatoprotective activities. Our results clearly demonstrate the hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activities of Alcoholic extracts of Ceiba pentandra in different in- vivo models of hyperglycemia and hepatotoxicity. We first investigated the hypoglycemic activity of Ceiba pentandra. This was clearly evidenced by the increased levels of insulin in diabetic rats treated with C.pentandra plant extracts.
A REVIEW ON FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
The oral route is considered as the most promising route of drug delivery. Conventional drug delivery system achieves as well as maintains the drug concentration within the therapeutically effective range needed for treatment, only when taken several times a day. This results in a significant fluctuation in drug levels. Recently, several technical advancements had introduced. The idea of gastric retention comes from the need to localize drugs at a specific region of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) such as stomach in the body. Many drugs get absorbed only in the upper intestinal tract, designing such molecules as once-daily formulations are exclusive for these molecules. Thus GI retention platforms had emerged. One of the major challenges in developing gastric retention device is overcoming the house keeping waves particularly in the fasted state. Often, the extent of drug absorption is limited by the gastric residence time (GRT) of the drug at the absorption site. If the drugs are poorly soluble in intestine due to alkaline pH, gastric retention may increase solubility before they are emptied, resulting in improved gastrointestinal absorption of drugs with narrow absorption window as well as for controlling release of drugs having site-specific absorption limitation. Gastroretention would also facilitate local drug delivery to the stomach and proximal small intestine. Thus, gastroretention could help to provide greater availability of new products and consequently improved therapeutic activity and substantial benefits to patients. KEY WORDS Fasted state, gastric residence time, gastroretention, gastrointestinal tract, narrow absorption window.